Skin whitening
skin whitening is in the form of placebos, inert substances whose only purpose was to “fool” the patient into thinking he had received the active test substance. This sufficed for a decade or so, until the scientists discovered, again as empiricists had long known, that the doctor was much more effective when he believed in his therapy than when he did not. At this point the placebo-controlled study was no longer considered good research and no longer of much value toward the accumulation of “proof.” The new requisite for proof henceforward was the “double-blind” study. Not only could the patient not know whether he or she was receiving the active therapy, neither could the treating physician.
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